International Circulation: One highlight of EuroPCR 2009 are the many live cases and lectures about percutaneous valve implantation. What is your opinion about the current situation and developmental trends of this technique? What are the inclusion and exclusion criteria for percutaneous valve implantation? Prof. Grube: It is a great honor and pleasure to speak about interesting topics at EuroPCR as it relates to China. Obviously one of the most important topics is percutaneous valve implantation and you can see that by the large crowds in the rooms during the talks. This is a fairly new technology if we compare it to the standard of care of the treatment of aortic stenosis. The first valves were implanted in 2002 by Dr. Cribier and then was followed in 2004 by the CoreValve prosthesis. The attraction of this approach to treatment of aortic stenosis is widely accepted by the interventional community in terms of physicians， patients， and referring physicians. We believe that in 2009 we have emerged from infancy to a more mature state of development. The two valves currently available for this treatment are the Edwards Sapien valve and the Medtronic CoreValve and more than 5，000 implants have been done altogether with these two valves. We believe that we interesting and promising intermediate results with the percutaneous implant of these prostheses. The patients are doing better， the hemodynamic data are improving， and now we are awaiting longer term results in order to get different indications and longer term results regarding the durability of the valves. Presently the indications are the elderly patient population， mainly 70 years or older， with a high risk of traditional operative procedures. The no option patient and the high risk patient indications will probably last for another 1~2 years and when we have more experience the indications will probably be expanded to the lesser risk group.

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